Dementia is a general term describing a group of symptoms severe enough to interfere with daily life, not a specific disease. It is characterised by a decline in memory, problem-solving, language and other thinking abilities. This condition is caused by various diseases and injuries that result in abnormal brain changes, leading to a progressive deterioration in cognitive function.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause, accounting for 60-70% of cases. Vascular dementia, which results from brain damage caused by reduced or blocked blood flow, is the second most common type. In some instances, individuals may have mixed dementia, experiencing brain changes associated with multiple types.
Globally, dementia is a significant and growing public health issue. The WHO reports that it is the seventh leading cause of death and a major driver of disability and dependency among older adults. In 2019, the economic impact of dementia was estimated at US$ 1.3 trillion worldwide.
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Identifying the signs and risk factors
The symptoms of dementia can vary greatly but often begin with subtle changes that worsen over time. Early signs, as outlined by health authorities like the Mayo Clinic and the Alzheimer’s Association, include:
- Memory loss, particularly of recent events.
- Difficulty with problem-solving or planning.
- Confusion about time or place.
- Trouble finding the right words in a conversation.
- Misplacing items and being unable to retrace steps.
- Changes in mood, personality or behaviour.
While age is the most significant risk factor — with most cases affecting people over 65 — dementia is not a normal part of ageing. The Cleveland Clinic and WHO identify several modifiable risk factors, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity. Conversely, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, staying socially engaged and keeping the brain active may help reduce the risk.
There is no single test to diagnose the condition. Doctors rely on a combination of medical history, physical examinations, laboratory tests, and an assessment of changes in thinking and daily function. While most forms of progressive dementia cannot be cured, early diagnosis allows for access to treatments that can temporarily manage symptoms and improve quality of life. It also provides crucial time for individuals and their families to plan for the future.
Image: Research for life
